James Duffy and James Sanders Understanding a payment’s journey around the globe can be difficult. As the operator of the UK’s high-value payment system (CHAPS), the Bank is all too familiar with this challenge. By leveraging the benefits of the newly introduced ISO 20022 standard for messaging, we have devised a new methodology to identify … Continue reading Payments without borders: using ISO 20022 to identify cross-border payments in CHAPS
New Methodologies
Adam Muhtar and Dragos Gorduza Imagine a world where machines can assist humans in navigating across complex financial rules. What was once far-fetched is rapidly becoming reality, particularly with the emergence of a class of deep learning models based on the Transformer architecture (Vaswani et al (2017)), representing a whole new paradigm to language modelling … Continue reading Leveraging language models for prudential supervision
Álvaro Fernández-Gallardo, Simon Lloyd and Ed Manuel Since the 2007–09 Global Financial Crisis, central banks have developed a range of macroprudential policies (‘macropru’) to address fault lines in the financial system. A key aim of macropru is to reduce ‘left-tail risks‘ – ie, minimise the probability and severity of future economic crises. However, building this … Continue reading The transmission of macroprudential policy in the tails
Marco Garofalo, Simon Lloyd and Edward Manuel The economic consequences of the Russia-Ukraine war have brought the importance of sharp changes in commodity prices, such as oil, to centre stage. While many have focused on understanding the impact of these developments on the central projection for the macroeconomic outlook, this post investigates the balance of … Continue reading Fuelling the tail: inflation- and GDP-at-Risk with oil-supply shocks
Nikoleta Anesti, Marco Garofalo, Simon Lloyd, Edward Manuel and Julian Reynolds Understanding and quantifying risks to the economic outlook is essential for effective monetary policymaking. In this post, we describe an ‘Inflation-at-Risk’ model, which helps us assess the uncertainty and balance of risks around the outlook for UK inflation, and understand how this uncertainty relates … Continue reading Unknown measures: assessing uncertainty around UK inflation using a new Inflation-at-Risk model
Marcus Buckmann, Galina Potjagailo and Philip Schnattinger Understanding the origins of currently high inflation is a challenge, since the effects from a range of large shocks are layered on top of each other. The rise of UK service price inflation to up to 6.9% in April might potentially reflect external shocks propagating to a wider … Continue reading Dissecting UK service inflation via a neural network Phillips curve
Aidan Saggers, Lukas Alemu and Irina Mnohoghitnei Decentralised Finance (DeFi) may seem a tempting option for those seeking financial gain, autonomy, and self-governance… But how safe is a world in which ‘code is law’? Closer inspection reveals an ecosystem experiencing several hacks, attacks, and fraud. Estimates show at least US$6.5 billion has been stolen since … Continue reading Flash loans, flash attacks, and the future of DeFi